3. But classical concerts weren't always so formal. In the eighteenth century, the audience talked during performances and yelled words of encouragement to the players. People clapped at the end of each movement of a symphony and often in the middle of the movement as well. After an exceptionally pleasing performance, listeners would demand that the piece be repeated immediately (an encore). If, on the other hand, the audience didn't like what it heard, it would express its displeasure by throwing fruit and other debris toward the stage. Our modern, more dignified classical concert was a creation of the nineteenth century, when the musical composition became to be considered a work of high art worthy of reverential silence.

　　Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　A. At a time of change in the attitude toward classical music of the 19th century, concerts were given greater dignity.

　　B. Although the classical concert had not previously been treated with silent respect, it now is, due to a change in perspective over a century ago.

　　C. A shift in opinions in the 19th century led to more highly regarded art, such as classical music concerts, which audiences refrain from disrupting.

　　D. The modern reception to classical music is highly influenced by a time in the 19th century when classical music came to be regarded as an art.

　　4. As a result of the crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and the water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

　　Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information of this sentence?

　　A. The Strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.

　　B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.

　　C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.

　　D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.

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