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托福听力材料之神经胶质细胞

2016-03-08编辑: 来自:

  在托福听力考试中,有些考生常常找不到方向去复习;有的更是次次考试,每每抓不住托福听力考试的重点,下面以托福听力部分为主,为大家详细介绍在托福听力考试中出现的难点材料,并附解读。

  神经细胞、生物课讲glial cell(神经胶质细胞)。1950s 以前人们对人类大脑的研究仅限于neuron(神经元),也叫nerve cell。

  让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容,男生说bioelectricity(生物电)通过神经传导electrical communication从两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞,有趣的是…说到这里被教授打断,说他答得已经很完整了(有题,问教授打断他的用意:重听题,教授打断男学生回答的用意?他已经回答的很完整了。)。

  神经元被认为起主要作用,神经胶质细胞glial cell 的作用在早期被忽视了,被看作起辅助作用,help the growth of neurons(负责供给营养和保护神经元)(有题:历史上认为glical cell 的作用?support neuron。)。

  后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell 比神经元的数量很多,远多于神经细胞。glial cell 引起了科学家的重视。科学家开始研究它究竟起什么作用(此处出题,问glial cell 怎么引起科学家注意的)。

  后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用,glial cell 传导信号不是通过生物电electrical signal,而是化学物质传导chemical conductor(一说chemical communication)(此处出题)。于是总共有三种传导方式,神经细胞间,胶质细胞间,神经和胶质细胞互相传导。

  glial cell 可能与智力有关:使人更intelligent 聪明,越多智商越高intelligent,但这不确定。

  对glial cell 的认识目前十分有限,但相关研究已经开始流行,是大家毕业之后可选的研究课题(此处出题。问老师话的意思:暗示大家以后毕业方向可以选择glical cell 作研究)

  资料:

  Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to communicate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell.

  Glial cells (神经胶质细胞)and Neurons(神经细胞)

  Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[1]

  Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the "glue"胶水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons供养, to insulate one neuron from another隔开, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破坏病菌,转移死N.

  Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 'connective tissue' in the brain大脑的连接组织.The human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. [1] Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that "we are using only 10% of our brain". The role of glial cells as managers of communications in the synapse突触 gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently

  题目:

  问题一:主旨题:

  答案:忘了。 (但是,很轻松就能选出)应该和 h有关。

  问题二:细节题

  Why does the professor mention there was much research on neuron? (为什么老师要在文章中题,在 neutron 的领域有很多人做过研究?)

  答案:(忘了在 A, B, C, D) 哪个位置了,反正是只要选有 little research on glial cell 就行。 正确答案的中文意思是:是为了反衬,在 glial cell 领域,目前做的研究很少。

  问题三:细节题

  Historically, what is the function of glial cell?

  正确答案:选有 support 的选项即可。 中文是;glial cell 的作用是支持 neuron。

  问题四:细节题(双选)

  现在根据人们的发现,glial cell 有什么特征?

  正确选项一:选有 outnumber 的词。 (数量远远多余 neutron)

  正确选项二: 选有 chemical signal (communication)的选项。

  问题五:暗示细节题

  What does the professor imply when she says 你们毕业后 (graduate)几年,这个领域会火?

  正确答案:选有 many research 的选项。 (意思是说,glial cell 这个领域,以后会有很多研究课题的)

  问题六:Listen again 重听题:

  女 Professor: 行了。OK, Bernard…

  正确答案: D The student’s answer is complete.

  看了上面的介绍,大家在遇见加试的时候,可以小小的放松一下精力了,祝大家好运!


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