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　　托福阅读素材：大陆漂移

　　内容回忆：

　　文中大概提及的是几个学术研究成果。

　　1 基于人类在陆地部分不同地域所存的生物的化石证据，推测出当时有类似于褶皱山系形成的陆桥存在。

　　2 不同的陆地板块本同属于一个超级大陆，后来因为物理运动，以及引力作用分离成不同大陆，在南半球的部分路地区域都发生过相似的冰川作用，可以作为这个假设的证据。

　　3 某个科学家比较赞成的是第二种设想。因为他在著作中也提到了有新的证据可以证明第二种说法的可能性更大最后文章总结了一下整个大陆漂移形成的可能的设想，也提及了部分学说一直备受质疑

　　参考阅读：

　　Wegener and his predecessors

　　The speculation that the American continents had once formed a single landmass with Europe and Asia before assuming the present shapes and positions was suggested by several scientists before Alfred Wegener's 1912 paper

　　Rejection of Wegener's theory

　　 First, it had been shown that floating masses on a rotating geoid would collect at the equator, and stay there. This would explain one, but only one, mountain building episode between any pair of continents; it failed to account for earlier orogenic episodes.

　　 Second, masses floating freely in a fluid substratum, like icebergs in the ocean, should be in isostatic equilibrium (in which the forces of gravity and buoyancy are in balance). But gravitational measurements showed that many areas are not in isostatic equilibrium.

　　 Third, there was the problem of why some parts of the Earth's surface (crust) should have solidified while other parts were still fluid. Various attempts to explain this foundered on other difficulties.

　　Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with the article "Seismology and the New Global Tectonics", published in 1968, using data collected from seismologic stations, including those he set up in the South Pacific.

　　It is now known that there are two kinds of crust: continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is inherently lighter and its composition is different from oceanic crust, but both kinds reside above a much deeper "plastic" mantle. Oceanic crust is created at spreading centers, and this, along with subduction, drives the system of plates in a chaotic manner, resulting in continuous orogeny and areas of isostatic imbalance. The theory of plate tectonics explains all this, including the movement of the continents, better than Wegener's theory.

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