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　　托福阅读素材：第一批移民是怎样到达北美的?

　　内容回忆：

　　本文共 4 段。

　　第1段说大家能够达成共识的是都知道最早一批先民是从 13000 年前从亚洲抵达的阿拉斯加。但是从阿拉斯加深入北美腹地的路线就比较众说纷纭了。

　　第 2 段说明传统的观点是认为从阿拉斯加到达北美腹地可能是从中间的 M corridor, 既北部C 冰地 和南部N冰地中间的狭长走廊。但理论上比较好的移动的时间应是在 25000 年前或者 15000 年前，即不要处在 ice age 既冰地扩张的时候。在 ice age 期间 little vegetation 等都会造成比较小的移动可能性。

　　第 3 段说明有可能是从 Berminia 的 coastline 沿岸移动到内陆，因为当时的 先民应该培养起了fishing skill 等以支持他们南渡。但是因为海平面的上升，任何的相关的证据都在 9 米的地下。

　　第 4 段说明迁徙的难处。当时就算夏季，也是十分冰冷的。

　　参考阅读：

　　For some 85 years, homesteaders, pot hunters and archaeologists have been digging at Paisley Caves, a string of shallow depressions washed out of an ancient lava flow by the waves of a lake that comes and goes with the changing climate.

　　Until now, they have found nothing conclusive — arrowheads, baskets, animal bones and sandals made by people who lived thousands of years ago on the shores of what was then a 40-mile-long lake, but is now a sage brush desert on the northern edge of the Great Basin.

　　But a few years ago, University of Oregon archaeologist Dennis Jenkins and his students started digging where no one had dug before. What the team discovered in an alcove used as a latrine and trash dump has elevated the caves to the site of the oldest radiocarbon dated human remains in North America.

　　Coprolites — ancient feces — were found to contain human DNA linked directly to modern-day Native Americans with Asian roots and radiocarbon dated to 14,300 years ago. That's 1,000 years before the oldest stone points of the Clovis culture, which for much of the 20th century was believed to represent the first people in North America.

　　The idea that coprolites contain valuable information is not new, but extracting DNA from them is. When the findings were published this year in the journal Science, they plopped Jenkins and his colleagues in the middle of one of the hottest debates in North American archaeology: Just when did people first come here, and how did they get here?

　　For many years the prevailing view was that the Clovis people walked from Siberia across a land bridge exposed by the Ice Age to Alaska and spread south through an ice-free corridor down the center of the continent exposed 10,000 years ago by warming temperatures.

　　The Paisley coprolites indicate people had found another way, perhaps crossing the land bridge but then walking down the coast, or even crossing the ocean by boat, the way people went from New Guinea to Australia thousands of years earlier. The findings kill the suggestion some of the earliest Americans came from Europe.

　　所考词汇：

　　1. shelter= protect

　　2. apart from =besides

　　3. appealing=attractive

　　4. rugged= rough

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